Factores asociados al uso de plantas medicinales en las gestantes, 2019 / Factors associated with the use of medicinal plants in the pregnancy, 2019

Objetivos. Determinar los factores asociados al uso de plantas medicinales en gestantes del Hospital Rezola de Cañete en el año 2019. Materiales y métodos. Diseño no experimental, tipo básico, nivel correlacional - transversal, método inductivo; la muestra estuvo conformada por 335 gestantes del Hospital Rezola de Cañete atendidas en el consultorio de ginecoobstetricia y a quienes se le aplicó la encuesta. Resultados. El 88,4% de las gestantes usaron plantas medicinales; el 11,6% no usó plantas medicinales. Entre los factores socioculturales y obstétricos referentes al uso de plantas medicinales se encuentra la edad (p= 12,41); el grado de instrucción (p= 12,35); el número de gestaciones previas (p= 27,63); el lugar de nacimiento (p= 5,09). El factor no asociado fue el lugar de procedencia (p= 3,676). Las plantas más usadas fueron la manzanilla 95%; el anís 65%; el té 58%; la hierba luisa 51%, y la malva 33%. Discusión. La mayoría de las gestantes del Hospital Rezola de Cañete que usaron plantas medicinales manifestaron resultados favorables y no observaron complicación alguna.

Objective. To determine the factors associated with the use of medicinal plants in pregnant women at the Rezola Hospital in Cañete in the year 2019. Materials and methods. Nonexperimental design, basic type, correlational-cross-sectional level, inductive method; the sample was conformed by 335 pregnant women from the Rezola de Cañete Hospital attended in the office of gynecology and obstetrics and to whom the survey was applied. Results. 88.4% of the pregnant women used medicinal plants; 11.6% did not use medicinal plants. Among the sociocultural and obstetric factors related to the use of medicinal plants are age (p= 12.41); education level (p= 12.35); the number of previous pregnancies (p= 27.63); place of birth (p= 5.09). The non-associated factor was the place of origin (p= 3.676). The most used plants were chamomile 95%; aniseed 65%; tea 58%; lemon verbena 51%, and mallow 33%. Discussion. Most of the pregnant women from the Rezola Hospital in Cañete who used medicinal plants showed favorable results and did not observe any complications.

Effect of packaging materials and storage environment on fennel seedling growth / Efeito da embalagem e do ambiente de armazenamento no crescimento de plântulas de erva doce

The objective of the present study was to assess the influence of the packaging material (cotton cloth bag, multifolium paper and glass container) and storage environment (laboratory and cold chamber conditions) on fennel seedling growth. Seeds were placed in different packaging materials and exposed to the two environments for twelve months. Assessments were made before storage and at every two months and the following were determined: total emergence, emergence speed index, seedling fresh and dry matter. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with four replications in a 2 x 3 x 6+1 factorial design in split split plots, where the plot was the storage environment (laboratory and cold chamber conditions); the split plot was the storage (cotton cloth bag, multifolium paper and glass container) and the split plot was the storage periods (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 months) and plus an additional treatment (before storage). The results showed that the fennel seedlings had superior growth when their seeds were placed in the glass packaging material, regardless of the storage environment.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da embalagem (saco de algodão, papel multifoliado e vidro) e do ambiente de armazenamento (condições de laboratório e câmara fria) no crescimento de plântulas de erva doce. Para isso, as sementes foram acondicionadas nas diferentes embalagens e expostas aos dois ambientes durante doze meses. As avaliações foram feitas antes do armazenamento e a cada dois meses, tendo sido determinado: emergência total, índice de velocidade de emergência, massa fresca e seca das plântulas. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, num esquema fatorial 2 x 3 x 6 + 1 em parcelas subsubdivididas, no qual a parcela foi o ambiente de armazenamento (condições de laboratório e câmara fria); a subparcela as embalagens (saco de algodão, papel multifoliado e vidro) e a subsubparcela os períodos de armazenamento (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 meses) e mais um tratamento adicional (antes do armazenamento). Pelos resultados, demonstrou-se que as plântulas de erva doce apresentaram crescimento superior quando suas sementes foram acondicionadas na embalagem de vidro, independente do ambiente de armazenamento.

Chemical Constituents of Essential Oils Possessing Anti-Influenza A/WS/33 Virus Activity

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to determine whether essential oils had anti-influenza A/WS/33 virus activity and whether there were specific compounds associated with this activity. METHODS: There were 63 essential oils evaluated for anti-influenza (A/WS/33 virus) activity using a cytopathic effect reduction method. The chemical composition of the anti-influenza essential oils was phytochemically analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The antiviral assays demonstrated that 11 of the 62 essential oils (100 μg/mL) possessed anti-influenza activity, reducing visible cytopathic effects of influenza A/WS/33 virus activity by > 30%. Furthermore, marjoram, clary sage and anise oils exhibited anti-influenza A/WS/33 virus activity of > 52.8%. However, oseltamivir (the anti-influenza A and B drug), showed cytotoxicity at the same concentration (100 μg/mL) as the essential oils. The chemical composition detected by GC–MS analysis, differed amongst the 3 most potent anti-viral essential oils (marjoram, clary sage and anise oils) except for linalool, which was detected in all 3 essential oils. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated anti-influenza activity in 11 essential oils tested, with marjoram, clary sage and anise essential oils being the most effective at reducing visible cytopathic effects of the A/WS/33 virus. All 3 oils contained linalool, suggesting that this may have anti-influenza activity. Further investigation is needed to characterize the antiviral activity of linalool against influenza A/WS/33 virus.

Plant extracts with potential to control of two-spotted spider mite / Extratos vegetais com potencial de uso no controle do ácaro rajado

Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a species of great economic importance to Brazil. In its control, the main option is the use of synthetic miticides, which, if used indiscriminately, can contaminate the environment, farmers and consumers. In the search for control alternatives, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of plant extracts and essential oils on females of this pest. For this, T. urticae females, reared in laboratory, were sprayed in Potter tower. Fourteen plants were tested in the form of aqueous extracts (AE), hydroethanolic extracts (HE) or essential oils (EO). The experimental plot consisted of a Petri dish with a Canavalia ensiformis L. leaf disk containing five T. urticae females, using ten plates per treatment. Mortality evaluations were performed 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after spraying, recording the number of dead females on the disc and the number of dead females on the moistened cotton. We considered that females found on cotton were repelled by treatments. Matricaria chamomilla L. HE and Pimpinella anisum L. AE have acaricidal effect for females, providing above 83% of mortality, after 120 hours. Origanum vulgare L. HE causes at least 75% mortality after 24 hours. Also 120 hours after spraying, P. anisum HE and O. vulgare AE cause repellency of females above 16%, and A. absinthium HE exceeds 22% for this parameter. The results stimulate further researches to determine the optimum dose and evaluation of additional effects on the fertility of surviving females.(AU)

Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) é uma espécie de grande importância econômica para o Brasil. Em seu controle, a principal opção são os acaricidas sintéticos, que, se usados de forma indiscriminada, podem contaminar ambiente, produtores e consumidores. Na busca de alternativas de controle, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de extratos vegetais e óleos essenciais sobre fêmeas dessa praga. Para isso, fêmeas de T. ­urticae criadas em laboratório foram pulverizadas em torre de Potter. Foram testadas 14 espécies vegetais, na forma de extratos aquosos (EA), hidroetanólicos (EH) ou óleos essenciais (OE). A parcela experimental consistiu de uma placa de Petri com um disco de folha de feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ­ensiformis L.) contendo cinco fêmeas de T. urticae, sendo utilizadas dez placas por tratamento. As avaliações de mortalidade foram realizadas 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas após a pulverização, registrando-se o número de fêmeas mortas no disco e no algodão umedecido. Considerou-se que fêmeas encontradas no algodão foram repelidas pelos tratamentos. Matricaria chamomilla L. na forma de extrato hidroetanólico e Pimpinella anisum L. na forma de extrato aquoso possuem efeito acaricida para fêmeas proporcionando acima de 83% de mortalidade, após 120 horas da pulverização. Origanum ­vulgare L. EH causa no mínimo 75% de mortalidade após 24 horas. Também após 120 horas, P. anisum EH e O. vulgare EA causam repelência de fêmeas acima de 16% e A. absinthium EH ultrapassa 22% para esse parâmetro. Os resultados estimulam a realização de pesquisas futuras para determinação da dose ótima e avaliação de efeitos adicionais sobre a fertilidade das fêmeas sobreviventes.(AU)

The insecticidal potential of Foeniculum vulgareMill., Pimpinella anisum L. and Caryophillus aromaticus L. to control aphid on kale plants / Potencial inseticida de Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Pimpinella anisum L. e Caryophillus aromaticus L.no controle de pulgão em couve

ABSTRACTThe use of natural substances for pest control in agriculture is, economically, a viable option and has benefits for both the humanbeing and the environment, due to its low persistence and toxicity. Thus, this trial aimed on determining the insecticidal potential of the extracts and essential oils of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) and clove (Caryophillus aromaticus L.) to control Brevicoryne brassicae L. in kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC.). The treatments were: fennel, anise, cloves extracts at 10%; fennel, anise, cloves oils at 1% and control with distilled water. The mortality tests were carried out with aphids in laboratory, with three replications, after 1, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. During laboratory trials , it was found out that fennel oil at 1% showed the best rate of mortality on aphid nymphs (70% at 72 h), followed by clove extract at 10% with 37% mortality. Tests in pots were only carried out only with cloves extracts at 10% and fennel oil at 1% treatment, in which such efficiency was alsoindicated on aphid nymphs.

RESUMOO uso de produtos naturais para controle de pragas da agricultura é opção economicamente viável e traz benefícios tanto ao homem como ao ambiente devido à sua baixa persistência e toxicidade. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o potencial inseticida de extratos e óleos essenciais de funcho (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), erva doce (Pimpinella anisum L.) e cravo-da-índia (Caryophillusaromaticus L.) para o controle de pulgão (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) em couve (Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC.). Os tratamentos utilizados foram os extratos de funcho, erva-doce e cravo-da-índia a 10%; óleos de funcho, erva-doce, cravo-da- índia a 1% e testemunha com água destilada. Testes de mortalidade sobre pulgão em condições de laboratório foram realizados com três repetições e avaliações após 1, 12, 24, 48 e 72 h. Em laboratório, verificou-se que o óleo de funcho a 1% apresentou maior atividade sobre as ninfas de pulgão (70% em 72 h), seguido do extrato de cravo a 10%, com 37% de mortalidade. Testes em vasos foram realizados somente com o extrato de cravo-da-índia a 10% e óleo de funcho a 1%, nos quais também se constatou a eficácia sobre as ninfas de pulgão.

Immunomodulatory effects of Pimpinella anisum L. (Aniseed) in Broiler Chicks against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease viruses / Efecto inmunomodulador de Pimpinella anisum L. (anís) en pollos de engorde contra la enfermedad de Newcastley la enfermedad viral de la bursitis infecciosa

Pimpinella anisum L. (Aniseed) is mostly used as an immune stimulant, growth promoter, antifungal, antibacterial in many countries for centuries. The aim of this study was to determine the immunomodulatory effect of aniseed against Newcastle Disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) viruses. The immunomodulatory effect of aniseed against ND and IBD viruses were determined by modifying splenic cell migration inhibition assay and differential leukocyte count for cellular immunity. Haemagglutination inhibition and indirect haemagglutination were used for measurement of humoral immune response against ND and IBD viruses, respectively. The present study suggests that the aniseed addition to basal diet at the rate of 0.5 g/kg and 1 g/kg of feed had best immunomodulatory activity both for humoral and cellular immune responses. However, at higher doses aniseed had adverse effects. Aniseed possesses significant immunomodulatory activity when it is added at lower doses i.e., 0.5 g/kg and 1 g/kg.

Pimpinella anisum L. (Anís) se utiliza principalmente como un estimulante inmunológico, promotor del crecimiento, antifúngico, y antibacteriano, en muchos países durante siglos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto inmunomodulador de anís contra la enfermedad de Newcastle (ND) y la enfermedad de la bursitis infecciosa (IBD). El efecto inmunomodulador de anís contra los virus ND y e IBD se determinaron mediante la modificación del ensayo de inhibición de la migración de células del bazo y recuento diferencial de leucocitos de la inmunidad celular. La inhibición de la hemaglutinación y hemaglutinación indirecta se utilizaron para la medición de la respuesta inmune humoral contra el virus de ND e IBD, respectivamente. El presente estudio sugiere que la adición de anís a la dieta basal a la tasa de 0,5 g/kg y 1 g/kg de alimentación tuvo una mejor actividad inmunomoduladora tanto para las respuestas inmunes humorales como celulares. Sin embargo, a dosis más altas de anís tuvo efectos adversos. El anís posee una importante actividad inmunomoduladora cuando se añade en dosis más bajas, es decir, 0,5 g/kg y 1 g/kg.

Growth promoting effect of Pimpinella anisum (Aniseed) in broiler chickens / Efecto promotor del crecimiento de Pimpinella anisum (semilla de anis) en pollos broiler

The present study was conducted to evaluate growth promoting effect of Pimpinella anisum L. (aniseed) in broiler chickens in terms of body weight gain, organ weights, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR). For this purpose, four levels (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 grams per kg feed) of aniseed powder were administered in feed from day 0 till the end of experiment (42 days of age). The body weight gain, feed intake and FCR were recorded on weekly basis. The birds showed good performance (better weight gain, better feed intake and FCR) when aniseed was fed in lower doses however, birds showed poor performance at higher levels of aniseed. Likewise, almost same pattern was observed for organ weights. This study suggests the good effect of aniseed on performance of broiler chickens at lower doses which suggests the further need of series experiments to find out the minimum safe levels of aniseed to be incorporated in broiler ration to get desirable results.

Se realizó el presente estudio para evaluar el efecto promotor del crecimiento de Pimpinella anisum L. (anís) en pollos de engorde en términos de ganancia de peso corporal, peso de los órganos, el consumo de alimento y conversión alimenticia (FCR). Para este propósito, cuatro niveles (0,5, 1,0, 1,5 y 2,0 gramos por kg de alimento) de anís en polvo se administraron en el pienso desde el día 0 hasta el final del experimento (42 días de edad). La ganancia de peso corporal, consumo de alimento y FCR fueron registrados en forma semanal. Las aves mostraron un buen rendimiento (mejor ganancia de peso, un mejor consumo de alimento y FCR) cuando el anís se alimentó en dosis más bajas, sin embargo, las aves mostraron malos resultados en los niveles más altos de anís. Del mismo modo, se observó casi el mismo patrón de peso de los órganos. Este estudio sugiere que el buen efecto del anís en el rendimiento de pollos de engorde en dosis más bajas que sugiere la necesidad adicional de experimentos de la serie para conocer los niveles de seguridad mínimos de anís que se incorporarán en la ración de pollos de engorde para obtener los resultados deseados.

Contaminação fúngica de plantas medicinais utilizadas em chás / Fungal contamination of medicinal plants used in teas

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica quanto à presença de fungos filamentosos em ervas do tipo Peumus boldus Molina (Boldo), Pimpinella anisum L. (erva-doce) e Matricaria chamomilla L. (Camomila) comercializadas na cidade de Campina Grande (Paraíba). Nove amostras de cada planta foram analisadas, totalizando 27 amostras, obtidas aleatoriamente nas feiras livres e barracas informais da cidade. Cada 10 g de amostra foram suspensas em 90 mL de solução salina 0,89% estéril, obtendo-se o concentrado, a partir do qual foram realizadas diluições sucessivas. A seguir, uma alíquota de 0,1mL de cada diluição foi semeada em placas de Petri contendo Ágar Sabouraud Dextrose, as quais foram incubadas à temperatura ambiente por cinco a dez dias. Após este período foram contadas as colônias fúngicas presentes e realizados seus respectivos microcultivos para identificação através de microscópio óptico. Foram encontrados fungos toxigênicos como Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. e Fusarium sp., estando o primeiro presente em todas as amostras avaliadas. Também foram identificados os fungos Exophiala sp. E Fonsecaea sp., que possuem importância clínica, podendo causar micose. A forma como estas plantas são armazenadas para comercialização e a falta de fiscalização torna questionável a qualidade das plantas comercializadas para obtenção de chás, o que pode comprometer a saúde do consumidor ao utilizar esses produtos na forma de Chá.

The aim of this study was to assess the microbiological quality, with regard to the presence of filamentous fungi, of the tea herbs Peumus boldus Molina (boldo leaf), Pimpinella anisum L. (anise) and Matricaria chamomilla L. (wild chamomile) marketed in the city of Campina Grande (Paraiba State, Brazil). Nine samples of each plant, totaling 27 samples, were randomly collected in street markets and informal stalls in the city. In the laboratory, 10 g of each sample was ground and suspended in 90 mL of 0.89% sterile saline solution, affording the concentrate from which serial dilutions were obtained. Aliquots of 0.1 mL of each dilution were spread on plates of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, which were then incubated at room temperature for five to ten days. After this period, the fungal colonies were counted, their morphology was analyzed and subcultures were made on slides for identification by optical microscope. Toxigenic fungi such as Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp. were found, the first being present in all plant samples. The fungi Exophiala sp. and Fonsecaea sp., which are clinically significant as they can cause mycoses, were also identified. The method of storing these plants before sale and the lack of inspection raise questions about the quality of the marketed herbs, suggesting that the health of the consumer who uses these products to make tea could be harmed.

Óleo essencial de erva-doce na ração de frangos de corte alojados em cama nova e reciclada / Essential fennel oil the diet of broilers chickens allotted to new and recycled litters

O óleo essencial de erva-doce (OED) foi avaliado como alternativa aos antimicrobianos na ração de frangos de corte alojados em cama nova (CNo) e reciclada (CRe). Foram alojadas 1.050 aves, e adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em que de um a 21 dias as aves foram mantidas somente em CNo, resultando em sete tratamentos com 10 repetições de 15 aves: T1= dieta controle positivo (CP) com antimicrobiano (ANT); T2= dieta controle negativo (CN) sem ANT e sem OED; T3= CN + 0,004% OED; T4= CN + 0,008% OED; T5= CN + 0,016% OED; T6= CN + 0,032% OED e T7= CN + 0,064% OED. De 22 a 42 dias, metade das aves foram criadas em CRe, e a outra metade em CNo, resultando em 14 tratamentos com cinco repetições de 15 aves. O OED foi adicionado pela manhã, na proporção de 1/4 do consumo diário da dieta, e, na parte da tarde, o fornecimento foi à vontade. Na fase pré-inicial, a inclusão de 0,015 e 0,026% de OED melhorou o consumo de ração e o ganho de peso, respectivamente. A inclusão de 0,031% de OED melhorou a conversão alimentar dos frangos de um a 21 dias. O OED promoveu maior peso de carcaça de aves alojadas em CNo, maiores pesos de coxa, sobrecoxa e rendimento de sobrecoxa de frangos criados em CRe. O OED melhorou o desempenho de frangos alojados sob condições de CRe.

The effect of essential fennel oil (EFO) as an alternative to antimicrobials in the diet of broiler chickens allotted on two type of new (LNo) and recycled (LRe) litter was evaluated. 1,050 birds were housed and adopted a completely randomized design in which from 1 to 21 days the birds were housed only LNo, with seven treatments and 10 replicates of 15 birds: T1 = positive control diet (PC) with antimicrobials (AM), T2 = negative control diet (NC) without AM and EFO, T3 = NC + 0.004% EFO, T4 = NC + 0.008% EFO, T5 = NC + 0.016% EFO T6 = NC + 0.032% EFO and T7 = NC + 0.064% EFO. From 22 to 42 days half of the birds housed in LRe and half continued in LNo, resulting in 14 treatments with five replicates of 15 birds. The EFO was added in the morning, at a ratio of 1/4 of the daily diet and in the afternoon the supply was at ease. In the pre-initial inclusion of 0.015 and 0.026% of EFO, feed intake and weight gain improved, respectively. The inclusion of 0.031% of EFO improved feed conversion of broilers from 1 to 21 days. The EFO promoted higher carcass in birds housed in LNo, higher drumstick weight, and thigh and drumstick yield for broilers reared in LRe. EFO improved the performance of chickens accommodated under LRe.

effect of aspartame on the pituitary thyroid axis of adult male albino rat and the possible protective effect of Pimpinella anisum oil: histological and immunohistochemical study

Aspartame is a synthetic sweetener. Its metabolites can be toxic to many organs such as liver and kidney. Pimpinella anisum [P. anisum] has been used for different purposes as an antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory agent. The present work was carried out to study the histological changes in the pituitary thyroid axis of adult male albino rats after aspartame treatment and the possible role of P. anisum in minimizing these changes. Twenty-five adult male Albino rats were used. They were divided into three groups: group I was the control group, group II received 250 mg/kg/day aspartame once daily for 2 months, and group III received prophylactic P. anisum oil 0.5 ml/kg/day once daily, followed by aspartame after 2 h for 2 months. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed. The thyroid and pituitary gland tissue samples were processed for light microscopic and electron examination. Also, an immunohistochemical study was carried out for the detection of thyrotrophs. Light microscopic examination of aspartame-treated animal showed loss of architecture of the thyroid gland. Many follicles were small in size and others had disrupted wall and detached cells in their lumens. Some thyrocyte had pyknotic nuclei and deeply stained vacuolated cytoplasm. There was a highly significant increase in the number of positive immunostained thyroid-stimulating hormone cells. Most cells in pars distalis were hypertrophied with eccentric nuclei and a large negative Golgi image. The thyrotrophs and somatotrophs had dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, destroyed mitochondria, and few secretory granules. Some cells with secretory granules of both somatotrophs and thyrotrophs were frequently observed. The administration of P. anisum induced improvements in the degenerative changes of this axis. From this study, it could be concluded that prolonged consumption of aspartame induced disturbance in the pituitary thyroid axis. The use of P. anisum decreased the toxic effect of aspartame

Avaliação biológica de Foeniculum vulgare (Mill. ) (Umbelliferae/Apiaceae) / Biological evaluation of Foeniculum vulgare (Mill. ) (Umbelliferae/Apiaceae)

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. é espécie herbácea da família Umbelliferae, nativa da região do Mediterrâneo e da Ásia Menor, amplamente distribuída em todo o território brasileiro. É conhecida popularmente como funcho ou erva-doce e usada na medicina como analgésico, digestivo, carminativo, diurético, expectorante, lactígeno, anti-inflamatório, e antiespasmódico. O extrato bruto etanólico para a verificação das atividades biológicas foi preparado a partir de sementes compradas no comércio. Para a realização do perfil fitoquímico foi utilizada a cromatografia em camada delgada analítica; a atividade antimicrobiana foi determinada pelo teste de difusão em disco de papel e da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM); a atividade antinociceptiva foi realizada pelo método de contorções abdominais em cobaias. Os micro-organismos testados foram isolados clínicos multirresistentes obtidos do Setor de Bacteriologia do Hospital das Clínicas de Pernambuco. O estudo fitoquímico identificou a maioria dos compostos secundários presentes na fração metanólica das sementes, sendo eles: triterpenos, glicosídeos de flavanóides, terpenos menores (monoterpenóides, sesquiterpenóide e diterpenóides), e açúcares redutores. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o extrato etanólico apresentou maior atividade frente à Micrococcus spp. (CIM=250µg/mL). Os resultados da avaliação da atividade antinociceptiva demonstraram que apenas a dosagem de 298 mg/Kg quando comparado com o padrão indometacina conseguiu uma redução significativa no número de contorções abdominais dos animais. Estudos posteriores deverão ser realizados para a identificação e isolamento de alguns compostos secundários, bem como a realização de outros protocolos de analgesia.

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Umbelliferae) is a herbaceous plant of the family Umbelliferae, native to the Mediterranean and Asia Minor region and widely distributed all over the Brazilian territory. It is commonly known as fennel or "erva-doce" and has been used in medicine as analgesic, digestive, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, lactigenous, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic agent. Crude ethanolic extract for the verification of biological activities was prepared from seeds bought in the market. For the phytochemical profile, analytical thin-layer chromatography was used; the antimicrobial activity was determined by the paper disc diffusion test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC); the antinociceptive activity was verified by the method of abdominal writhings in the animals. The tested microorganisms were multiresistant clinical isolates obtained from the Bacteriology Sector of the Clinical Hospital of Pernambuco. The phytochemical study identified the majority of secondary compounds present in the methanolic fraction of seeds, as follows: triterpenes, flavanoid glycosides, smaller terpenes (monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and diterpenoids) and reducing sugars. The obtained results showed that the ethanolic extract had greater activity against Micrococcus spp. (MIC=250µg/mL). Results of the evaluation of the antinociceptive activity demonstrated that only the dosage of 298 mg/Kg, compared to the indomethacin pattern, led to a significant reduction in the number of abdominal writhings in the animals. Further studies will be carried out for the identification and isolation of some secondary compounds, as well as other analgesic protocols.

Análisis de los principios activos de especies mexicanas de anís y evaluación de su actividad biológica sobre microorganismos patógenos / Analysis of the active principles of Mexican anise species and evaluation of their biological activity on pathogenic microorganisms

La planta de anís Pimpinella anisum (Saunf - Hindi) es una de las plantas medicinales más antiguas utilizadas por el hombre. Actualmente, esta planta tiene varios usos en la industria alimentaria como la especia, mientras que en la farmacopea se utiliza como expectorante en trastornos digestivos, como diurético suave y como repelente de insectos en el uso externo. En este trabajo se evaluó la actividad biológica del extracto metanólico de Pimpinella anisum sobre el crecimiento in vitro de Entamoeba histolytica HM1-IMSS bajo condiciones axénicas. Observamos que la inhibición del crecimiento de E. histolytica estaba en CI50 = 0.034 µg/mL. Los resultados confirmaron la actividad antiamobica del extracto metanólico de P. anisum.

study on the effects of pimpinella anisum on relief and recurrence of menopausal hot flashes

With respect to the high incidence of hot flash in postmenopausal women and the controversies regarding its treatment, this double-blind clinical trial was conducted to determine the effects of Pimpinella anisum on hot flashes in these women referring to rural and urban health centers of Qazvin Province in 2009.Seventy-two women with hot flashes were randomly selected according to the predetermined criteria and divided into two experimental and control groups. Their medical records at health centers were used for sampling. Each woman in the experimental group took a capsule containing 330 mg Pimpinella anisum 3 times a day while in the control group, women took 3 capsules, each containing 330 mg potato starch, over 4 weeks and after that, they were following up for 4 weeks. Before taking the capsules, they were assessed for 2 weeks about the frequency and severity of hot flashes. Data were collected through a questionnaire and an information form. Content validity method was used for validity of the tools. ANOVA and Student›s t-test were applied for statistical analysis. In the experimental group, the frequency and severity of hot flashes before the treatment were 4.21% and 56.21% and, after that, were 1.06% and 14.44% at the end of the fourth week respectively. No change was found in the frequency and severity of hot flashes in the control group. The frequency and severity of hot flashes was decreased during 4 weeks of follow up period. P. anisum is effective on the frequency and severity of hot flashes in postmenopausal women

[Antimicrobial effects of some traditional plant essential oils on Clostridium perfringence]

Clostridium perfringence is one of the most important pathogens in animals and cause a lot of death in sheeps and goats every year. In human C. perfringence cause food intoxication and gastroentritis. This study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial effects of essential oils of Thymus daenensis, Hypericum Scabrum, pimpinella anisum on clostridium perfringens in the laboratory culture media. After extracting the essential oils by Steam Distilation method, antimicrobial activity were examined by two methods. At first in the plate method after culturing bacteria on the plate containing Nutrient Agar, 5 mm diameter hole was made by the sterile pastuer pipte and 0.1 ml of each essential oils was added to each whole separetely. In the second step tube dilation method containing Tyoglycolate broth was used to determining the MIC and MBC of the essential oils. The results showed that the pimpinella anisum oils had not any effect on growth of C. perfringence, but the mean value of inhibitory zones for thymus daenensis and Hypericum Scabrum oils were 8.1 +/- 0.2 and 6.03 +/- 0.15 respectevely. The MIC for thymus daenensis and Hypericum Scabrum oils were 5% and 15% respectively. The results showed that the MBC of Thymus daenensis and Hypericum Scabrum oils for C. perfringence were 20% and 40% respectively. Regarding to the results of this study it is posible to use these essential oils as a natural preservative in foods also as a disinfectant on infected tissues

Qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de erva-doce (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ) armazenadas / Physiological and sanitary quality of fennel seeds stored

A incidência de fungos em sementes interfere negativamente o seu potencial fisiológico, podendo ter início no campo, durante o armazenamento ou na pós-colheita. Desta forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de erva-doce armazenadas em diferentes embalagens. O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de análise de sementes da UFPB, em Areia-PB. As sementes foram colhidas em plantas tratadas e não tratadas com inseticida Actara, beneficiadas e acondicionadas nas embalagens papel alumínio, saco plástico e vidro. Em seguida, armazenadas em câmara fria durante 315 dias. Inicialmente e a cada 45 dias foram realizados as seguintes determinações e testes: teor de água, emergência de plântulas, primeira contagem de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimento e massa seca das plântulas e sanidade das sementes pelo método "blotter-test". Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, os tratamentos foram distribuídos em fatorial 2 x 3 x 8 (com e sem inseticida, 3 embalagens e 8 períodos de avaliação). Os resultados indicam que a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de erva-doce foi principalmente afetada pelo fungo Alternaria sp., ocorrendo a manutenção da viabilidade das sementes por aproximadamente 95 dias na embalagem de saco plástico; a aplicação do inseticida Actara mantém a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de Foeniculum vulgare no armazenamento.

The fungi incidence in seeds affect negatively their physiological potential may begin in the field, during storage or in post-harvest. The objective was to evaluate the sanitary quality of fennel seeds stored in packagings differents. The study was conducted in laboratory analysis of seeds of UFPB, in Areia-PB. Seeds were harvested in experimental field with plants treated and untreated with insecticide Actara, processed and packed in aluminum foil, plastic bag and glass and stored in cold chamber during 315 days. Initially and every 45 days were performed the following tests and determinations: water content, seedling emergence, first count of emergency, emergency speed index, length and seedling dry mass and seed health by the "blotter-test." We used a completely randomized design with four replications, the treatments were distributed in a factorial 2 x 3 x 8. The results indicated that the physiological quality of fennel seeds was negatively affected by the fungus Alternaria sp., occurring at maintaining the viability of seeds for about 95 days in the plastic bag packaging; the application of the insecticide Actara keeps the physiological quality of seeds of Foeniculum vulgare in storage.

Aspectos anatômicos de plântulas Foeniculum vulgare Mill / Anatomical aspects of the Foeniculum vulgare Mill. seedling

A erva-doce, Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae), é uma erva entouceirada, aromática que apresenta propriedades condimentares e medicinais; tem origem Européia e é amplamente cultivada em todo o Brasil. Devido à deficiência de informações relativas à organização estrutural de plântulas de espécies medicinais, o presente estudo teve como objetivo fornecer informações sobre a anatomia e o desenvolvimento de plântulas de F. vulgare. As sementes de erva-doce foram semeadas em areia e mantidas em casa de vegetação por 25 dias, sendo realizadas regas diárias. Foram selecionadas plântulas normais e de padrão uniforme, que tiveram raiz, zona de transição, caule, cotilédones e primeiras folhas seccionados à mão livre. Este material foi corado e montado em lâminas com glicerina para observação em microscópio. Em todos os órgãos da plântula de erva-doce a epiderme é unisseriada, cuticularizada e com estômatos; sendo que as duas últimas estruturas não são encontradas na raiz, porém esta apresenta pêlos unicelulares e cônicos. Os cotilédones e as folhas apresentam funções fotossintéticas e nutricionais, indicadas pela presença de grande quantidade de estômatos, cloroplastos e amido. A caracterização anatômica de plântulas de F. vulgare auxilia na identificação da espécie e no conhecimento da organização celular, fornecendo informações que auxiliam em estudos fisiológicos, taxonômicos e ecológicos.

Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae), is a forming clumps herb and presents aromatic, medicinal and condimental properties. It has European origin and is widely cultivated and used in Brazil. Due to lack of information concerning the structural organization of seedlings of medicinal species, this study aimed to provide information about the anatomy and development of F. vulgare seedlings. The seeds fennel was sowed in sand and maintained in greenhouse for 25 days, with daily waterings. Were selected normal seedlings and with patterns uniforms, for freehand seccion of root, transition zone, stem, cotyledons and first leaves. This material was stained and mounted on slides with glycerol for observation under microscope. In all the parts of seedling fennel the epidermis is uniseriate, with a cuticle and stomata, and the two latter structures are not found in the root, but has tapered hairs unicellular. The cotyledons and the leaves have photosynthetic and nutrition functions, as indicated by the presence of large numbers of stomata, chloroplast and starch. The anatomical characterization of the F. vulgare seedling aids in specie identification and knowledge of cellular organization, providing information that assists in physiological, taxonomic and ecological studies.

Efeito de sistemas de consórcio e inseticida na formação dos estômatos em plântulas de erva-doce (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ) / Effects of intercropping systems and insecticide in formation of stomata in fennel seedlings

Foeniculum vulgare Mill., pertencente à família Apiacea, é conhecida como erva-doce e apresenta grande importância medicinal e comercial, tanto no Brasil como em vários outros países. Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa, estudar o desenvolvimento dos estômatos em plântulas de F. vulgare oriundas de sementes produzidas em sistemas de consórcio erva-doce X algodão e com aplicação do inseticida monocrotofós. A erva-doce foi cultivada em consórcio com algodão colorido cultivar BRS Safira, sendo utilizados os seguintes tratamentos: 1A2E, uma fileira de algodão e duas de erva-doce; 2A1E, duas fileiras de algodão e uma de erva-doce; ES, erva-doce solteira; onde foram distribuídos com e sem aplicação de inseticida, totalizando seis tratamentos. As sementes colhidas foram semeadas em areia e mantidas em casa de vegetação por 25 dias. Partes das plântulas (zona de transição, caule, cotilédones e folhas) foram seccionadas à mão livre, coradas e montadas em lâminas com glicerina para observação em microscópio. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: número de estômatos, diâmetro polar e equatorial dos estômatos e número de cloroplastos nas células-guarda. Os dados foram analisados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 3X2; sendo realizado teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Na zona de transição e no caule observou-se aumento do número e do diâmetro polar dos estômatos quando foram utilizados sistemas de consórcio. Nos cotilédones, a erva-doce solteira proporcionou maior número de estômatos, porém com menor diâmetro e com menor quantidade de cloroplastos. Já na folha, os consórcios influenciaram positivamente o número de estômatos e de cloroplastos. De forma geral, os sistemas de consórcio e o inseticida influenciaram positivamente o desenvolvimento dos estômatos das plântulas de erva-doce.

Foeniculum vulgare Mill., belonging to the family Apiaceae, is known as fennel and has great medicinal and commercial importance, both in Brazil and in several other countries. The objective of this research was to study the development of stomata of F. vulgare seedlings grown from seeds produced in intercropping systems fennel and cotton, with application of insecticide monocrotophos. The fennel was grown in association with colored cotton BRS Safira, with the following treatments: 1A2E, one rows of cotton and two fennel; 2A1E, two rows of cotton and one fennel; ES, fennel single; were distributed with and without application of insecticide, total six treatments. The seeds were sown in sand and kept in a greenhouse for 25 days. Parts of seedlings (transition zone, stem, cotyledons and leaves) were cut freehand, stained and mounted on slides with glycerol for observation under microscope. Were evaluated the following characteristics: stomata number, polar and equatorial diameter of the stomata and chloroplasts number in guard cells. The data were analyzed in completely randomized and distributed in factorial 3x2, being conducted Tukey test at 5% probability. The transition zone and stem showed an increase of the stomata number and polar diameter the when consortium systems were used. In cotyledons, fennel single provided the highest stomata number, but with smaller diameter and fewer chloroplasts. In leaf, the consortia have positively influenced the stomata and chloroplasts number. In general, the intercropping systems and insecticide positively influenced the development of stomata in fennel plants.

Controle microbiológico de alimentos utilizando óleo essencial de Pimpinella anisum (erva-doce) / Food microbiological control using essential oil of Pimpinella anisum

O consumo de produtos naturais que substituam aditivos químicos tem sido uma opção para aqueles que procuram hábitos saudáveis e segurança alimentar. Os condimentos possuem comprovada atividade biológica sobre fungos e bactérias. Por isso, sempre foram utilizados como conservantes de alimentos. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito “in vitro” do óleo essencial de erva-doce (Pimpinella anisum), sobre as bactérias Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli e sobre os fungos Aspergillus flavus e Aspergillus parasiticus. O óleo essencial foi extraído pela técnica hidrodestilação utilizando aparelho de Clevenger modificado e testado nas concentrações de 50; 40; 30; 20; 10; 5; 1; 0,5 e 0.1% para as bactérias e nas concentrações de 2; 1; 0,5; 0;25 e 0,1 µL/mL para fungos. O óleo apresentou uma elevada atividade bacteriana com uma concentração mínima inibitória (CMI) de 1% para a E.coli, porém não apresentou atividade frente a S. aureus. Os valores de CMI encontrados para o A. flavus e A. parasiticus foram de 0,5 e 2 µL/mL, respectivamente. Verificou-se que o óleo essencial apresentou efeito inibitório sobre os micro-organismos estudados, sendo, portanto, uma alternativa no controle microbiológico de alimentos.

Evaluation of effects of Zingiber officinale on salivation in rats

There are some herbal plants in Iranian traditional system of medicine which are believed to be excellent remedies to alleviate the symptoms of xerostomia. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of systemic administration of seven different herbal extracts on the rate of salivation in rats. The extracts of 7 herbs; Zingiber officinale Roscoe [Zingiberaceae], Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck [Rutaceae], Artemisia absinthium L. [Asteraceae], Cichorium intybus L. [Asteraceae], Pimpinella anisum L.[Apiaceae], Portulaca oleracea L.[Portulacaceae], Tribulus terrestris L. [Zygophyllaceae] were prepared. Nine groups of animals [including negative and positive control groups] were used and seven rats were tested in each group. After the injection of extracts, saliva volume was measured gravimetrically in four continuous sevenminute intervals. The results showed that after injection of ginger extracts salivation was significantly higher as compared to the negative control group and other herbal extracts in all of the four intervals [P<0.01]. The peak action of the ginger was during the first 7-minute interval and following this, salivation decreased to some extent. The present study suggests that the extract of Zingiber offiicianle can increase the rate of salivation significantly in animal model. Further investigations on different constituents of ginger seem to be essential to identify the responsible constituent for stimulation of saliva secretion

Antioxidant activity of some medicinal species using FRAP assay

Medicinal plants [especially belong to Lamiaceae family] are potential sources of new drugs to improve the treatment of diseases whose treatment is associated to anti-oxidative agents. In this paper, the Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma [FRAP] activity of some Lamiaceae and Apiaceae species, has been evaluated. Aerial parts of the plants were dried, cut into small pieces and extracted with ethyl acetate and methanol, respectively, by percolation at room temperature. Different concentrations of the plant extracts were investigated for antioxidant power using FRAP assay. The extracts showed a considerable antioxidant effect from 16.36 mmol of FeSO[4]/100 g dry plant equivalents in Scutellaria tornefortii [AcOEt extract] to 404.12 mmol of FeSO[4]/100 g dried plant in Salvia macrosiphon [MeOH extract]. All the plant samples possessed antioxidant activity, while Salvia macrosiphon [MeOH extract], Pimpinella tragioides [MeOH extract] and Salvia limbata [AcOEt extract] showed significantly the highest results and Scutellaria tornefortii [AcOEt extract] showed the lowest power. Antioxidant activity of these species might be due to the presence of flavonoids, rosmarinic acid, coumarins even monoterpenes [like myrcene] in the plant extracts